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Audio from our interview with Shamane Mills, from Wisconsin Public Radio.

wpr-shamane-mills4202009

In early April, Adam Wilson posted a status update on the social networking website Twitter—just by thinking about it.

Just 23 characters long, his message, “using EEG to send tweet,” demonstrates a natural, manageable way in which “locked-in” patients can couple brain-computer interface technologies with modern communication tools.

A University of Wisconsin-Madison biomedical engineering doctoral student, Wilson is among a growing group of researchers worldwide who aim to perfect a communication system for users whose bodies do not work, but whose brains function normally. Among those are people who have ALS, brain-stem stroke or high spinal cord injury.

Some brain-computer interface systems employ an electrode-studded cap wired to a computer. The electrodes detect electrical signals in the brain—essentially, thoughts—and translate them into physical actions, such as a cursor motion on a computer screen. “We started thinking that moving a cursor on a screen is a good scientific exercise,” says Justin Williams, a UW-Madison assistant professor of biomedical engineering and Wilson’s advisor. “But when we talk to people who have locked-in syndrome or a spinal cord injury, their No. 1 concern is communication.”

In collaboration with Research Scientist Gerwin Schalk and colleagues at the Wadsworth Center in Albany, New York, Williams and Wilson began developing a simple, elegant communication interface based on brain activity related to changes in an object on screen.

The interface consists, essentially, of a keyboard displayed on a computer screen. “The way this works is that all the letters come up, and each one of them flashes individually,” says Williams. “And what your brain does is, if you’re looking at the ‘R’ on the screen and all the other letters are flashing, nothing happens. But when the ‘R’ flashes, your brain says, ‘Hey, wait a minute. Something’s different about what I was just paying attention to.’ And you see a momentary change in brain activity.”

Wilson, who used the interface to post the Twitter update, likens it to texting on a cell phone. “You might have to press a button four times to get the character you want,” he says of texting. “So, this can be a slow process at first.”

However, as with texting, users improve as they practice using the interface. “People are able to do up to ten characters per minute,” says Wilson.

A free service, Twitter has been called a “micro-blogging” tool. User updates, called tweets, have a 140-character limit—a manageable message length that fits locked-in users’ capabilities, says Williams.

Tweets are displayed on the user’s profile page and delivered to other Twitter users who have signed up to receive them. “So, someone could simply tell family and friends how they’re feeling today,” says Williams. “People at the other end can be following their thread and never know that the person is disabled. That would really be an enabling type of communication means for those people—and I think it would make them feel, in the online world, that they’re not that much different from everybody else.”

Schalk agrees. “This is one of the first—and perhaps most useful—integrations of brain-computer interface techniques with Internet technologies to date,” he says.

While widespread implementation of brain-computer interface technologies are still years down the road, Wadsworth Center researchers, as well as those at the University of Tübingen in Germany, are starting in-home trials of the equipment. Wilson, who will finish his PhD soon and begin postdoctoral research at Wadsworth, plans to include Twitter in the trials.

Williams hopes the Twitter application is the nudge researchers need to refine development of the in-home technology. “A lot of the things that we’ve been doing are more scientific exercises,” he says. “This is one of the first examples where we’ve found something that would be immediately useful to a much larger community of people with neurological deficits.”

Funding for the research comes from the National Institutes of Health, the UW-Madison Institute for Clincial and Translational Research, the UW-Madison W.H. Coulter Translational Research Partnership in Biomedical Engineering, the TRACE Center at the University of Wisconsin, and the Wisconsin Alumni Research Foundation.